Introduction

This document provides a comprehensive summary of all major grammar points required for the 2nd BAC English exam.

I - Verb Tenses

Tenses Overview

Tense	Form	Common Signal Words
Simple Present	S + V(s/es)	always, usually, often, every day
Present Continuous	am/is/are + V-ing	now, at the moment, look! listen!
Simple Past	S + V-ed (or irregular)	yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010
Past Continuous	was/were + V-ing	while, when (at a specific time)
Present Perfect	have/has + Past Participle	since, for, already, yet, never, ever
Past Perfect	had + Past Participle	after, before, by the time, as soon as
Future Simple	will + Verb	tomorrow, next month, soon, perhaps
Future Perfect	will have + Past Participle	by + future time (e.g., by next year)

II - Conditionals

Conditional Types

Type 0 (General Truths):
- If + Simple Present, Simple Present
- Example: If you heat ice, it melts.
Type 1 (Real Possibility):
- If + Simple Present, will + Verb
- Example: If it rains, I will stay at home.
Type 2 (Unreal Present/Future):
- If + Simple Past, would + Verb
- Example: If I were you, I would study hard.
Type 3 (Unreal Past):
- If + Past Perfect, would have + Past Participle
- Example: If I had studied, I would have passed the exam.

Passive Structure

Form: Be (appropriate tense) + Past Participle

Example: The letter was written by Ahmed.

Changes in Reported Speech

Tense Shifts:
- Simple Present $\rightarrow$ Simple Past
- Present Continuous $\rightarrow$ Past Continuous
- Simple Past / Present Perfect $\rightarrow$ Past Perfect
- Will $\rightarrow$ Would
Time/Place Changes:
- Now $\rightarrow$ Then
- Today $\rightarrow$ That day
- Yesterday $\rightarrow$ The day before
- Tomorrow $\rightarrow$ The next day
- Here $\rightarrow$ There

Common Modals

Key Rules

Gerund (V-ing): After prepositions (of, in, at, without...) and verbs like: enjoy, mind, suggest, avoid, finish, keep.
Infinitive (to + Verb): After verbs like: want, hope, decide, plan, agree, promise, would like.
Bare Infinitive (Verb without 'to'): After modals and verbs like: make, let.

Relative Pronouns

Summary

Success in grammar requires understanding the forms and practicing through exercises. Use this summary as a quick review tool.