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Vocabulary: Expressions of Definition
Expressing Definitions
- … is …
- … refers to …
- … is referred to as …
- … is defined as …
- … has been defined as …
- … is the way of …
Examples:
- Cultural anthropology is the study of human culture.
- Cultural anthropology refers to the study of human culture.
- Cultural anthropology has been defined as the study of human culture.
- A stereotype is defined as a belief about an individual or a group based on the idea that everyone in a particular group will behave in the same way.
Cultural Vocabulary in Context
- Hospitality and tolerance are values that are deeply rooted in Moroccan culture.
- If you happen to go and live in a foreign country with a different culture, you have to adjust to it; otherwise, you will feel like a fish out of water.
- Different cultures have different values. Values vary from culture to culture.
- People from rural areas stick to customs and traditions more than urban people do.
- Cultural issues arise when groups of people believe that another group behaves wrongly.
- Culture is learned and transmitted from generation to generation.
- Deeper insights into other people's customs, values, and ideas minimize conflict due to ignorance and intolerance.
Vocabulary (p. 12)
Key Words
- uneasy: uncomfortable
- unlike: as opposed to
- to obey: to respect, to abide by
- dissimilarities: differences
- natural: healthy
- wrongly ≠ rightly
Asking for Clarification
Asking for Clarification
- What does the verb "…" mean?
- What is another word for …?
Example:
A: What is another word for "aware"? B: Conscious.
Conditional: Types 1 and 2
Conditional Sentences — Examples
Type 1 (Real):
- If you pay attention in the classroom, you'll understand better.
- I'll continue my studies abroad if I get high grades in my Baccalaureate exams.
- Mariam won't marry Nabil if he isn't an honest person.
Type 2 (Unreal):
- If I were you, I'd give up smoking.
- We wouldn't have so many car accidents if both drivers and pedestrians were careful enough.
- If Souad had money, she could buy a new laptop.
Asking for, Giving, and Responding to Advice
Advice Expressions
| Asking for Advice | Giving Advice | Responding to Advice |
|---|---|---|
| What do you think I should do? | I think you should … | That's a good idea. Thanks. |
| What do you suggest? | Maybe you should … | Thanks for your advice, but I … |
| What would you do if …? | It's best not to … | Thank you for your advice, but I … |
| What's your advice for …? | It's a good idea not to … | Sorry, I can't. I'm … |
| What would you advise me to do? | Why don't you …? | It sounds like a good idea. |
| How can I …? | If I were you, I would … | Thanks, but I've already … |
| What's the best …? | You'd better (not) … | Thanks, but I doubt whether … |
| I don't know what to do. | Whatever you do, don't … | |
| What should I do? | You should / shouldn't … |
Example
Patient: I'm afraid I'm putting on weight, doctor. What do you think I should do?
Doctor: It's a good idea not to eat between meals, and you'd better exercise at least three times a week. Maybe you should eat more vegetables and less fatty food.
Patient: It sounds like a good idea! Thanks for your advice, doctor.
Vocabulary — Personal Qualities (p. 18)
Adjectives & Meanings
| Adjective | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ambitious | hardworking, aspiring |
| broad-minded | open-minded |
| capable | competent, effective |
| cheerful | light-hearted, joyful |
| forgiving | willing to forgive others |
| helpful | working for the welfare of others |
| honest | sincere, truthful |
| imaginative | daring, creative |
| independent | self-reliant |
| logical | consistent, rational |
| polite | courteous, well-mannered |
| self-controlled | self-disciplined |
| courageous | standing up for your beliefs |
Expressing Lack of Understanding, Interrupting & Clarifying
Expressing Lack of Understanding
- Could you say that again, please?
- I beg your pardon?
- I'm not quite sure I follow you.
- I'm not quite sure I know what you mean.
- I beg your pardon, but I don't quite understand.
- I don't quite see what you mean, I'm afraid.
- Sorry, I didn't quite hear what you said.
- I'm not quite sure I got your point.
- Sorry, I didn't get your point, I'm afraid.
- I don't quite see what you're getting at.
Interrupting
- Excuse me.
- Sorry, but …
- Excuse me for interrupting.
- May I interrupt for a moment?
- Can I add something?
- Can I say something here?
- I'd like to say something, if I may.
- Can I ask a question?
- May I ask a question?
Asking for Clarification
- What do you mean by …?
- Do you mean …?
- I'm not quite with you. What do you mean?
- Could you clarify that, please?
- Could you be more explicit?
- Could you explain what you mean by …?
- Could you possibly give us an example?
- I wonder if you could say that in a different way.
- Could you be a little bit more specific, please?
Clarifying One's Own Point
- Let me explain that.
- Sorry, let me explain.
- To say that differently, …
- Let me put it another way.
- In other words, …
- To put it differently, …
- Let me express that differently.
- In other terms, …
- Let me explain that in more detail.
Example:
Headmaster: Mobile phones are not allowed at school.
Student: Sorry, sir. I'm not quite sure I know what you mean.
Headmaster: In other words, you mustn't use your mobile phone at school because it is forbidden.
Student: I'm sorry, sir.
Grammar — The Past Perfect vs. Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Forms
| Form | Structure |
|---|---|
| Past Perfect | had + past participle |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had been + verb + -ing |
Examples:
- After the cultural anthropologist had finished the lecture, he flew to Tangier.
- By the time I went to see the doctor, I had been ill for at least two weeks.
- Adib had bought a brand-new car before he got his driving licence.
- Once Ilham had read the advert about the job, she went to the Office of Admission.
- Jane had done her homework before she went out.
- When he arrived at the airport, there was no plane. It had already taken off.
- She didn't go to bed until she had set her alarm clock.
- The fire had already spread to the neighbouring houses when the fire brigade arrived.
- Mounia and Jamal had been emailing each other before they got married.
- Jim had been studying computer science for three years before he graduated.
Phrasal Verbs: "Through"
Phrasal Verbs with "through"
| Phrasal Verb | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| get through to | communicate with | I've tried explaining how it works, but I just can't get through to him. |
| get through | pass | I'm taking the Baccalaureate this year; I will certainly get through. |
| go through | repeat / review | Could you possibly go through the instructions again? |
| pull through | recover / survive | My classmate has been very ill, but her doctor says she will pull through. |
| look through | read carefully | I've looked through the editorial twice and can't see the issue. |
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